CentOS

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CentOS
Centos-logo-light.svg
CentOS 7.0 GNOME.png
Default GNOME desktop in CentOS 7
Developer The CentOS Project
(affiliated with Red Hat)
Written in {{#property:p277}}
OS family Unix-like
Working state Current
Source model Open source
Initial release 14 May 2004; 20 years ago (2004-05-14)[1]
Latest release

7.2-1511 (14 December 2015; 9 years ago (2015-12-14)[2]) [±]
6.8 (25 May 2016; 8 years ago (2016-05-25)[3]) [±]

5.11 (30 September 2014; 10 years ago (2014-09-30)[4]) [±]
Marketing target Free computing (desktops, mainframes, servers and workstations)
Update method Yum (PackageKit)
Package manager RPM Package Manager
Platforms x86-64[lower-alpha 1]
Kernel type Monolithic (Linux kernel)
Default user interface GNOME and KDE Plasma Desktop (user-selectable)
License Free software (GPL and other licenses)
Official website www.centos.org

CentOS (abbreviated from Community Enterprise Operating System and pronounced in an American accent as /sɛnt.ɑːs/[5]) is a Linux distribution that attempts to provide a free, enterprise-class, community-supported computing platform which aims to be functionally compatible with its upstream source, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL).[6][7] In January 2014, CentOS announced the official joining with Red Hat while staying independent from RHEL,[8] under a new CentOS governing board.[9]

The first CentOS release in May 2004, numbered as CentOS version 2, was forked from RHEL version 2.1AS.[1] Since the release of version 7.0, CentOS officially supports only the x86-64 architecture, while versions older than 7.0-1406 also support IA-32 with Physical Address Extension (PAE), with additional architectures supported in CentOS versions older than 4.7. As of December 2015, AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are available for the IA-32 architecture, Power architecture, and for the ARMv7hl and AArch64 variants of the ARM architecture.[10][11]

History

Prior to becoming known under its current name, CentOS originated as a build artifact of cAos Linux.[12] At the time,[when?] some of the cAos contributors were merely interested in this build artifact for their own use, citing difficulties in collaborating with other noteworthy Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) clones of the time.[citation needed]

In June 2006, David Parsley, the primary developer of Tao Linux (another RHEL clone), announced the retirement of Tao Linux and its rolling into CentOS development. Tao's users migrated to the CentOS release via yum update.[13]

In July 2009, it was reported in an open letter on the CentOS project web site that CentOS's founder, Lance Davis, had disappeared in 2008. Davis had ceased contribution to the project, but continued to hold the registration for the CentOS domain and PayPal account. In August 2009, the CentOS team reportedly made contact with Davis and obtained the centos.info and centos.org domains.[14]

In July 2010, CentOS overtook Debian to become the most popular Linux distribution for web servers, with almost 30% of all Linux web servers using it.[15] (Debian retook the lead in January 2012.[16])

In January 2014, Red Hat announced that it would sponsor the CentOS project, "helping to establish a platform well-suited to the needs of open source developers that integrate technologies in and around the operating system".[17] As the result of these changes, ownership of CentOS trademarks was transferred to Red Hat,[18] which now employs most of the CentOS head developers; however, they work as part of the Red Hat's Open Source and Standards team, which operates separately from the Red Hat Enterprise Linux team.[8] A new CentOS governing board was also established.[9]

Design

RHEL is available only through a paid subscription service that provides access to software updates and varying levels of technical support. The product is largely composed of software packages distributed under free software licenses and the source code for these packages is made public by Red Hat.

CentOS developers use Red Hat's source code to create a final product very similar to RHEL. Red Hat's branding and logos are changed because Red Hat does not allow them to be redistributed.[19] CentOS is available free of charge. Technical support is primarily provided by the community via official mailing lists, web forums, and chat rooms.

The project is affiliated with Red Hat but aspires to be more public, open, and inclusive. While Red Hat employs most of the CentOS head developers, the CentOS project itself relies on donations from users and organizational sponsors.[8]

Versioning and releases

CentOS releases

CentOS version numbers for releases older than 7.0 have two parts, a major version and a minor version, which correspond to the major version and update set of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) used to build a particular CentOS release. For example, CentOS 6.5 is built from the source packages of RHEL 6 update 5 (also known as RHEL version 6.5), which is a so-called "point release" of RHEL 6.[20]

Starting with version 7.0, CentOS version numbers also include a third part that indicates the monthstamp of the source code the release is based on. For example, version number 7.0-1406 still maps this CentOS release to the zeroth update set of RHEL 7, while "1406" indicates that the source code this release is based on dates from June 2014. Using the monthstamp allows installation images to be reissued for (as of July 2014) oncoming container and cloud releases, while maintaining a connection to the related base release version.[21]

Since mid-2006 and starting with RHEL version 4.4, which is formally known as Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.0 update 4, Red Hat has adopted a version-naming convention identical to that used by CentOS (for example, RHEL 4.5 or RHEL 6.5).[22]

AltArch releases

AltArch releases are released by the Alternative Architecture Special Interest Group (AltArch SIG) to support architectures that are not supported by the base CentOS releases.

CentOS version Architectures RHEL base CentOS release date
7.1-1503 AArch64 7.1 4 August 2015[11]
IA-32 12 October 2015[95]
7.2-1511 IA-32 7.2 19 December 2015[10]
ARMv7hl 19 December 2015[10]
PowerPC64 (TechPreview) 19 December 2015[10]
PowerPC8 LE (TechPreview) 19 December 2015[10]

Add-ons releases

Software Collections (SCL) is a CentOS repository that provides a set of dynamic programming languages, database servers, and various related packages. Provided software versions are either more recent than their equivalent versions included in the base CentOS distribution, or are made available as official CentOS packages for the first time.[96] (See also the list of CentOS repositories below.)

Packages available from the SCL do not replace the default system tools provided with CentOS. Instead, a parallel set of tools is installed in the /opt directory, and can be optionally enabled per application by using supplied scl utility. For example, the default versions of Perl or MySQL remain those provided by the base CentOS installation.[96]

Add-on name Architectures Base CentOS version CentOS release date RHEL release date Delay (days)
Software Collections (SCL) 1.0[97] x86-64 6.4, 6.5[98] 19 February 2014[98] 12 September 2013[97] 160
Developer Toolset 2.0[99] IA-32, x86-64 6.4 N/A[100] 12 September 2013[99] N/A

End-of-support schedule

In accordance with the Red Hat Enterprise Linux life cycle,[101] CentOS 5, 6 and 7 will also be supported for ten years.[102] Previously, CentOS 4 had been supported for seven years.[103]

CentOS version Release date Full updates[104][105] Maintenance updates[104][105]
Old version, no longer supported: 3 19 March 2004 20 July 2006 31 October 2010
Old version, no longer supported: 4 9 March 2005 31 March 2009 29 February 2012
Older version, yet still supported: 5 12 April 2007 Q1 2014 31 March 2017
Older version, yet still supported: 6 10 July 2011 Q2 2017 30 November 2020
Current stable version: 7 7 July 2014 Q4 2020 30 June 2024
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still supported
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

Releases without upstream equivalents

Some of the ISO images released by the CentOS project have no direct upstream equivalents. They are created for specific purposes, such as for providing a live bootable image, or for providing a reduced-size installation media. In addition to those listed below, there are also AltArch releases, which also have no direct upstream equivalents.

LiveCD and LiveDVD images contain a bootable compressed file system, created by a set of custom scripts[106] using a kickstart configuration file.[107] These live images can be also installed to hard disk, thus obtaining a fully functional CentOS installation. The set of packages installed that way on a hard disk can not be adjusted during the installation, as that is a simple transfer of the image existing on CD/DVD, to a hard disk. After booting from hard disk, yum can be used for adding or removing packages.[108]

MinimalCD images contain a minimum of packages required for a functional installation, with no compromises in security or network usability. These minimal images use the standard CentOS installer with all of its regular features minus the selection of packages. Yum can be used after the installation is completed to add or remove packages.[109][110]

Special interest groups

Special interest groups (SIGs) are organized portions of the CentOS community that open paths for building specialized variants of CentOS, which fulfill specific sets of requirements. SIGs have the freedom to modify and enhance CentOS in various ways, including adding more cutting-edge software, rebuilding existing packages depending on the requirements, providing alternative desktop environments, or making CentOS available on otherwise unsupported architectures. Among other things, this provides an opportunity for the community to get the best of both worlds – the overall stability of CentOS and newer technology from various open-source projects.[127]

Architectures

As of version 7, CentOS fully supports only the x86-64 architecture,[128] while the following architectures are not supported:

As of December 2015, AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are available for the ARMv7hl and AArch64 variants of the ARM architecture,[11] and plans exist for supporting other variants of the ARM architecture. ARM support is a community effort coordinated through the AltArch SIG.[11][129] AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are also available for the IA-32 architecture and Power architecture.[10]

A Live CD version of CentOS is available at mirror.centos.org. A bootable Live USB image of CentOS can be created manually or with UNetbootin.

CentOS images are also available on Amazon's EC2 cloud, in form of prebuilt and already published Amazon Machine Images (AMIs).[130][131]

Repositories

There are three primary CentOS repositories (also known as channels), containing software packages that make up the main CentOS distribution:[132]

  • base – contains packages that form CentOS point releases, and gets updated when the actual point release is formally made available in form of ISO images.
  • updates – contains packages that serve as security, bugfix or enhancement updates, issued between the regular update sets for point releases. Bugfix and enhancement updates released this way are only those unsuitable to be released through the CentOS-Fasttrack repository described below.[133][134]
  • addons – provides packages required for building the packages that make up the main CentOS distribution, but are not provided by the upstream.[lower-alpha 3]

The CentOS project provides several additional repositories that contain software packages not provided by the default base and updates repositories. Those repositories include the following:[135]

  • CentOS Extras – contains packages that provide additional functionality to CentOS without breaking its upstream compatibility or updating the base components.
  • CentOSPlus – contains packages that actually upgrade certain base CentOS components, changing CentOS so that it is not exactly like the upstream provider's content.
  • CentOS-Testing – serves as a proving ground for packages on their way to CentOSPlus and CentOS Extras. Offered packages may or may not replace core CentOS packages, and are not guaranteed to work properly.
  • CentOS-Fasttrack – contains bugfix and enhancement updates issued from time to time, between the regular update sets for point releases. The packages released this way serve as close candidates for the inclusion into the next point release. This repository does not provide security updates, and does not contain packages unsuitable for uncertain inclusion into point releases.[133][134][136]
  • CR (Continuous Release) – makes generally available packages that will appear in the next point release of CentOS. The packages are made available on a testing and hotfix basis, until the actual point release is formally released in form of ISO images.[137]
  • debuginfo – contains packages with debugging symbols generated when the primary packages were built
  • contrib – contains packages contributed by CentOS users that do not overlap with any of the core distribution packages
  • Software Collections – provides versions of software newer than those provided by the base distribution, see above for more details

Notes

  1. Jump up ↑ CentOS versions older than 7.0-1406 also officially support IA-32 with Physical Address Extension (PAE), with additional architectures supported in CentOS versions older than 4.7.
  2. Jump up ↑ As of July 2014, there is an ongoing effort to provide installation images for i386, ARM and PowerPC as well.[21]
  3. Jump up ↑ This repository does not exist for CentOS 6 and 7.

References

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  115. Jump up ↑ Karanbir Singh (2011-07-25). "Release for CentOS-6.0 LiveCD i386 and x86_64". Retrieved 2011-07-25. 
  116. Jump up ↑ Karanbir Singh (2011-07-27). "Release for CentOS-6.0 LiveDVD i386 and x86_64". Retrieved 2011-07-28. 
  117. Jump up ↑ Karanbir Singh (2011-12-09). "Release for CentOS-6.1 LiveCD i386 and x86_64". Retrieved 2011-12-10. 
  118. Jump up ↑ Karanbir Singh (2011-12-09). "Release for CentOS-6.1 LiveDVD i386 and x86_64". Retrieved 2011-12-10. 
  119. Jump up ↑ Karanbir Singh (2011-12-09). "Release for CentOS-6.1 Minimal i386 and x86_64". Retrieved 2011-12-10. 
  120. ↑ Jump up to: 120.0 120.1 "CentOS 6.2 Release Notes". 2011-12-20. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 
  121. ↑ Jump up to: 121.0 121.1 "[CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS-6.4 LiveCD and LiveDVD for i386 and x86_64". 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2013-06-02. 
  122. Jump up ↑ "[CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS-6.6 i386 and x86_64". 2014-10-28. Retrieved 2015-04-14. 
  123. Jump up ↑ "[CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS Linux 6.7 i386 and x86_64". 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2015-11-23. 
  124. Jump up ↑ "List of images in /7.0.1406/isos/x86_64 directory". centos.org. 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2015-12-14. 
  125. Jump up ↑ "List of images in /centos/7/isos/x86_64 directory". centos.org. 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2015-12-14. 
  126. Jump up ↑ "List of images in /centos/7/isos/x86_64 directory". centos.org. 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2015-12-14. 
  127. Jump up ↑ "Special Interest Groups". centos.org. 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2015-01-02. 
  128. Jump up ↑ "About/Product - CentOS Wiki". CentOS Wiki. Retrieved 18 April 2013. 
  129. Jump up ↑ Singh, Karanbir (2014-03-26). "The ARM plan for CentOS". Retrieved 2014-11-27. 
  130. Jump up ↑ "Cloud/AWS (CentOS documentation)". centos.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18. 
  131. Jump up ↑ "[CentOS-announce] Updated AMI's for Amazon EC2 are now available". centos.org. 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-10-18. 
  132. Jump up ↑ "Software Management Concepts: About Repositories (CentOS 5 manual)". centos.org. 2005-11-24. Retrieved 2014-12-16. 
  133. ↑ Jump up to: 133.0 133.1 Johnny Hughes (2006-04-06). "[CentOS] CentOS FastTrack repository". lists.centos.org. Retrieved 2013-10-08. 
  134. ↑ Jump up to: 134.0 134.1 Jay Turner (2006-04-03). "Re: Fastrack channels?". redhat.com. Retrieved 2014-12-16. 
  135. Jump up ↑ "Available Repositories for CentOS". centos.org. Retrieved 2013-10-08. 
  136. Jump up ↑ "Red Hat Network (RHN) FasTrack". Red Hat. Retrieved 2014-12-16. 
  137. Jump up ↑ "The Continuous Release (CR) Repository". centos.org. Retrieved 2013-10-08. 

Further reading

External links

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